RISK FACTORS FOR FALLING
Although no single risk factor is responsible for all falls,
the greater the number of risk factors to which a person is exposed, the greater the probability of a fall, and the more likely the results of the fall will threaten the individual’s independence.
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Demographic and historical factors are typically non-modifiable, but elderly persons should be aware that these factors might increase their risk of falling.
Demographic Factors
- Older age – especially 75 years and older
- White race
- Female
- Housebound status
- Living alone
Historical Factors
- Having had a previous fall
- Use of a cane or walker
- Acute illness
- Alcohol use
Changes in our bodies, chronic health conditions (especially more than one), and use of medication (especially more than three) are potentially modifiable risk factors. Although it may not be possible to eliminate these conditions, steps can be taken to reduce the risk of falling due to these factors.
Changes in Our Bodies
- Lower body weakness
- Gait or balance problems
- Physical limitations
- Vision problems, i.e. cataracts, presbyopia, decreased night vision
- Decreased flexibility
- Changes in sleep patterns
- Confusion and cognitive impairment
- Foot problems
- Neurological changes, i.e. slowed reaction time, diminished sensory awareness
- Vertigo
Chronic Health Conditions
- Vitamin D or B12 deficiency
- Osteoarthritis and related pain
- Stroke
- Parkinson’s disease
- Neuromuscular disease
- Urinary incontinence
- Postural hypotension
- Health problems
- High blood pressure
- Syncope
- Epilepsy
- Insomnia
Medications
- Sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic drugs (i.e. long-acting benzodiazepines)
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Blood thinners (i.e. Warfarin, Coumadin)
- Major tranquilizers (i.e. phenothiazines, butyrophenones)
- Antihypertensive drugs (i.e. Lisinopril, Diovan, Zestril)
- Cardiac medications
- Corticosteroids
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatroy drugs
- Anticholinergic drugs
- Hypoglycemic agents
- Diuretics
- Epilepsy medication
More than one-third of all elderly falls involve environmental hazards in the home. The most common mechanism for falls is tripping over objects on the floor. Environmental hazards can be modified to significantly reduce the risk of falling.
Environmental Factors
- Home hazards – i.e. clutter, extension cords, rugs
- Poor lighting
- Shoes with thick, soft soles
- Pets – especially dogs and cats
- Lack of handrails
- Uneven walking surfaces
- Slippery surfaces
- Weather related conditions
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